Mariya O. Safronova

History teacher of the «Education center No.50»

(Tula, Russia)

Abstract. This article is devoted to the demographic development of the Tula province in the late 19th – early 20th century in the context of social history. The author pays particular attention to the level of infant and child mortality and factors influencing on that. The base of the study consists of reference and statistical sources published by the office of the Tula Governor and the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In order to analyze the situation at the parish micro-level the author consulted metric books from the funds of the State Archives of the Tula Region. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of the problem of the regional specificity of the phenomena and processes under study. As a result, the author found that the Tula province had an extremely high mortality rate of infants up to one year, which amounted to 270% on average. Mortality among children under the age of 5 – 10 years was also high. The main reasons for this situation were low sanitary culture, living conditions and a difficult epidemiological situation in the province. However, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries there has been a tendency of gradual decrease in these indicators. The deployment of a network of medical institutions played a huge role in reducing the level of child and infant mortality. Those were primarily zemstvo hospitals in rural areas, which, in addition to direct medical activities, were engaged in educating the population. In addition, demographic statistics made it possible to trace a decrease in birth and overall mortality rates. This fact and the complex changes caused by modernization processes, allows us to talk about the beginning of a demographic transition in the Tula province.
Keywords: demography, child mortality, infant mortality, public health, the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, Tula province.

Full text of the article (PDF)

For citation: Safronova, MO 2020, ‘The child mortality rate in the Tula province in the late 19th – early 20th centuries’, Tula Scientific Bulletin. History. Linguistics, issue 4 (4), pp. 25-35., URL: http://tula-vestnik.ru/pdf/2020/vipusk_4_29_12_20.pdf (in Russ.)

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