Shuvalov Denis

PhD Candidate of the Department of General Linguistics

University of Szeged

(Szeged, Hungary)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22405/2712-8407-2025-3-232-244

Аннотация. This article investigates the perspective-taking process (PTP) not merely as a social or developmental phenomenon, but as an individual cognitive operation with discrete internal products. Moving beyond the conventional focus on shared outcomes or consequences of perspective-taking, the paper delineates two key agent-level products: (1) the success of PTP, defined as the accuracy and comprehensiveness in representing another’s mental state and (2) the acceptability of the other’s perspective, which is distinguished from agreement. Drawing on dual-process models of cognition and integrating insights from psycholinguistics and Theory of Mind, the study develops a four-scenario model based on the interplay of acceptance and agreement. These two products, success and acceptability, are positioned as necessary precursors to broader interpersonal or communicative consequences, and should thus be integrated into theoretical models of perspective-taking. As a result, a PTP model for verbal communication is proposed, grounded in the alternation of these two products: (1) the other person’s perspective is accepted and agreed with by the agent (++); (2) the perspective is accepted but not agreed with (+–); (3) the perspective is neither accepted nor agreed with (––); and (4) the perspective is not accepted, yet the agent expresses agreement (–+).
Ключевые слова: psycholinguistics, perspective-taking, outcomes of perspective-taking, success in perspective-taking.

Полный текст статьи (PDF)

Для цитирования: Shuvalov, D 2025, ‘Products of Perspective-Taking Process in Verbal Communication: Success and Acceptability’, Tula Scientific Bulletin. History. Linguistics, issue 3 (23), pp. 232–244, https://doi.org/10.22405/2712-8407-2025-3-232-244 (in Russ.)

Список источников и литературы

1. Ames DR 2004, ‘Inside the mind reader’s tool kit: Projection and stereotyping in mental state inference’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 340–353, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.340.
2. Baron-Cohen S 2001, ‘Theory of mind in normal development and autism’, Prisme, vol. 34.
3. Batson CD 2009, ‘Two forms of perspective taking: Imagining how another feels and imagining how you would feel’, in KD Markman, WM P Klein & JA Suhr (eds), Handbook of imagination and mental simulation, Psychology Press, pp. 267–279.
4. Bezuidenhout A 2013, ‘Perspective taking in conversation: A defense of speaker nonegocentricity’, Journal of Pragmatics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 4–16, doi: 10.1016/j.pragma. 2012.11.007.
5. Brewer N, Young RL & Barnett E 2017, ‘Measuring theory of mind in adults with autism spectrum disorder’, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 1927–1941, doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3080-x.
6. Brown-Schmidt S & Heller D 2018, ‘Perspective-taking during conversation’, in S–A Rueschemeyer & MG Gaskell (eds), The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics, Oxford University Press, pp. 548–572, doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198786825.013.23.
7. Carpenter JM, Green MC & Vacharkulksemsuk T 2016, ‘Beyond perspective-taking: Mindreading motivation’, Motivation and Emotion, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 358–374, doi: 10.1007/s11031-016-9544-z.
8. Dale R, Galati A, Alviar C, Contreras Kallens P, Ramirez-Aristizabal AG, Tabatabaeian M & Vinson DW 2018, ‘Interacting timescales in perspective-taking’, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 9, article 1278, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01278.
9. Damen D, Van Der Wijst P, Van Amelsvoort M & Krahmer E 2020, ‘The effect of perspectivetaking on trust and understanding in online and face-to-face mediations’, Group Decision and Negotiation, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1121–1156, doi: 10.1007/s10726-020-09698-8.
10. Davis MH 1983, ‘Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 113–126, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113.
11. Epley N, Keysar B, Van Boven L & Gilovich T 2004, ‘Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 327–339, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.327.
12. Eyal T, Steffel M & Epley N 2018, ‘Perspective mistaking: Accurately understanding the mind of another requires getting perspective, not taking perspective’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 547–571, doi: 10.1037/pspa0000115.
13. Falk DR & Johnson DW 1977, ‘The effects of perspective-taking and egocentrism on problem solving in heterogeneous and homogeneous groups’, The Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 63–72, doi: 10.1080/00224545.1977.9713241.
14. Feiring C, Liang E, Cleland C & Simon V 2022, ‘Romantic conflict narratives and associations with psychological relationship aggression in emerging adult couples’, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1529–1548, doi: 10.1177/02654075211059538.
15. Flavell JH 1977, ‘The development of knowledge about visual perception’, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 25, pp. 43–76.
16. Galinsky AD, Maddux WW, Gilin D & White JB 2008, ‘Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent: The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations’, Psychological Science, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 378–384, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02096.x.
17. Galinsky AD & Moskowitz GB 2000, ‘Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 708–724, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.708.
18. Gasiorek J & Ebesu Hubbard AS 2017, ‘Perspectives on perspective-taking in communication research’, Review of Communication, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 87–105, doi: 10.1080/15358593.2017.1293837.
19. Gehlbach H & Brinkworth ME 2012, ‘The social perspective taking process: Strategies and sources of evidence in taking another’s perspective’, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 1–29, doi: 10.1177/016146811211400107.
20. Gehlbach H & Mu N 2022, ‘How we understand others: A theory of how social perspective taking unfolds’, PsyArXiv, doi: 10.31234/osf.io/q9fev.
21. Gehlbach H, Brinkworth ME & Harris AD 2011, ‘The promise of social perspective taking to facilitate teacher-student relationships’, paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, April.
22. Gehlbach H, Brinkworth ME & Wang M-T 2012, ‘The social perspective taking process: What motivates individuals to take another’s perspective?’, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 1–29, doi: 10.1177/016146811211400108.
23. Grant AM & Berry JW 2011, ‘The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity’, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 73–96, doi: 10.5465/amj.2011.59215085.
24. Healey ML & Grossman M 2018, ‘Cognitive and affective perspective-taking: Evidence for shared and dissociable anatomical substrates’, Frontiers in Neurology, vol. 9, article 491, doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00491.
25. Hoplock LB & Lobchuk MM 2020, ‘Are perspective-taking outcomes always positive? Challenges and mitigation strategies’, Nursing Forum, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 177–181, doi: 10.1111/nuf.12413.
26. Israelashvili J, Sauter D & Fischer A 2019, ‘How well can we assess our ability to understand others’ feelings? Beliefs about taking others’ perspectives and actual understanding of others’ emotions’, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 10, article 2475, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02475.
27. Ittyerah, M., & Mahindra, K. (1990). Moral development and its relation to perspective taking ability. Psychology and Developing Societies, 2(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133369000200204.
28. Kahneman D 2011, Thinking, fast and slow, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
29. Kavanagh D, Barnes-Holmes Y & Barnes-Holmes D 2020, ‘The study of perspective-taking: Contributions from mainstream psychology and behavior analysis’, The Psychological Record, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 581–604, doi: 10.1007/s40732-019-00356-3.
30. Ku G, Wang CS & Galinsky AD 2015, ‘The promise and perversity of perspective-taking in organizations’, Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 35, pp. 79–102, doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2015.07.003.
31. Langdon R & Ward P 2009, ‘Taking the perspective of the other contributes to awareness of illness in schizophrenia’, Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1003–1011, doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn039.
32. Langdon R, Coltheart M, Ward PB & Catts SV 2001, ‘Visual and cognitive perspective-taking impairments in schizophrenia: A failure of allocentric simulation?’, Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 241–269, doi: 10.1080/13546800143000005.
33. Leeman RW 1987, ‘Taking perspectives: Teaching critical thinking in the argumentation course’, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Boston, MA.
34. Marvin RS, Greenberg MT & Mossler DG 1976, ‘The early development of conceptual perspective taking: Distinguishing among multiple perspectives’, Child Development, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 511, doi: 10.2307/1128810.
35. McPherson Frantz C & Janoff-Bulman R 2000, ‘Considering both sides: The limits of perspective taking’, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 31–42, doi: 10.1207/S15324834BASP2201_4.
36. Merriam-Webster n.d., ‘Process’, Merriam-Webster.com dictionary, viewed 18 May 2022, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/process.
37. Myers MW & Hodges SD 2009, ‘Making it up and making do: Simulation, imagination, and empathic accuracy’, in KD Markman, WM P Klein & JA Suhr (eds), Handbook of imagination and mental simulation, Psychology Press, pp. 281–294.
38. Parker SK & Axtell CM 2001, ‘Seeing another viewpoint: Antecedents and outcomes of employee perspective taking’, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1085–1100, doi: 10.2307/3069390.
39. Parker SK, Atkins PWB & Axtell CM 2008, ‘Building better workplaces through individual perspective taking: A fresh look at a fundamental human process’, in GP Hodgkinson & JK Ford (eds), International review of industrial and organizational psychology 2008, Wiley, pp. 149–196, doi: 10.1002/9780470773277.ch5.
40. Peterson CC, Wellman HM & Liu D 2005, ‘Steps in theory-of-mind development for children with deafness or autism’, Child Development, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 502–517, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00859.x.
41. Piaget J 2013, The moral judgment of the child, Routledge, doi: 10.4324/9781315009681.
42. Ross L, Greene D & House P 1977, ‘The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 279–301, doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-X.
43. Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2004). How would you feel versus how do you think she would feel? A neuroimaging study of perspective-taking with social emotions. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 16(6), 988–999. https://doi.org/10.1162/0898929041502661
44. Samuel S, Frohnwieser A, Lurz R & Clayton NS 2020, ‘Reduced egocentric bias when perspective-taking compared with working from rules’, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol. 73, no. 9, pp. 1368–1381, doi: 10.1177/1747021820916707.
45. Schiffman J, Lam CW, Jiwatram T, Ekstrom M, Sorensen H & Mednick S 2004, ‘Perspectivetaking deficits in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A prospective investigation’, Psychological Medicine, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1581–1586, doi: 10.1017/S0033291704002703.
46. Schober MF 1998, ‘Different kinds of conversational perspective-taking’, in SR Fussell & RJ Kreuz (eds), Social and cognitive approaches to interpersonal communication, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, pp. 145–174.
47. Schurz M, Aichhorn M, Martin A & Perner J 2013, ‘Common brain areas engaged in false belief reasoning and visual perspective taking: A meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 7, article 712, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00712.
48. Wandner L, Torres C, George S, Robinson M & Bartley E 2015, ‘Effect of a perspective-taking intervention on the consideration of pain assessment and treatment decisions’, Journal of Pain Research, p. 809, doi: 10.2147/JPR.S88033.