Konstantin V. Kremenetski

PhD, Instructor

New York Film Academy. Los Angeles Campus

(Burbank, USA)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22405/2712-8407-2021-4-18-35

Abstract. We consider two episodes of non-fiction writing by Leo Tolstoy in 1860–1870 – publishing of “Yasnaya Poliana” magazine and the paper “On public education” associated with public discussion of “The Alphabet” by Leo Tolstoy. As literary fame of Leo Tolstoy increased so was attention to his writings. Tolstoy has been already well known when he started “Yasnaya Poliana”. When “The Alphabet” was published Leo Tolstoy was perceived foremost as the author of “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina”. His every public appearance and writing attracted much attention. Leo Tolstoy knew it well and used his fame to trigger a large public debate on a very narrow subject of comparative advantages of different methods of primary grammar and math education. Papers by Leo Tolstoy also contained opinions on very diverse subjects of public interest. His methods can be described as provocative journalism. Tolstoy’s papers contained several contradictory statements and sophisms. Thus, Tolstoy’s writings generated intense media discussion. Reviewers underscored contradictions in Tolstoy’s thoughts, his tendency to demonstrate originality on every subject, and recognized the similarity of ideas of Tolstoy with teaching of French socialist Proudhon. The reception of educational ideas of Tolstoy was largely negative by professionals. Tolstoy’s literary style and short novels in “The Alphabet” were praised and admired. Tolstoy’s non-fiction writings of 1860–1870’s can be seen as a precursor of his quasi-philosophical works of 1880’s.
Keywords: Leo Tolstoy, А. Grigoriev, М. N. Katkov, Е. L. Markov, N. K. Mikhailovsky, О. Proudhon, “Yasnaya Poliana”, “The Alphabet”, “The New Alphabet”.

Full text of the article (PDF)

For citation: Kremenetski, KV 2021, ‘Count Tolstoy disagrees. Reception of Leo Tolstoy non-fiction in 1860–1870’s’, Tula Scientific Bulletin. History. Linguistics, issue 4(8), pp. 18–35, https://doi.org/10.22405/2712-8407-2021-4-18-35 (in Russ.)

References

1. Avseenko, VG 1872, Ocherki tekuschei literatury, Russkii Mir, no. 109, pp. 1–2. (in Russ.)
2. Avseenko, VG 1874, Ocherki tekuschei literatury, Russkii Mir, no. 277, pp. 1–2. (in Russ.)
3. ’Azbuka grafa L.N. Tolstogo’, 1872, Nedelia, no. 39-40, pp. 1160–1161 (in Russ.)
4. ’Azbuka grafa L.N. Tolstogo’, 1873, Vestnik Evropy, no 1, pp. 450–456 (in Russ.)
5. ’Azbuka grafa L.N. Tolstogo’, 1873, Grazhdanin, no. 1, pp. 23–24 (in Russ.)
6. ’Azbuka grafa L.N. Tolstogo’, 1873, Sovriemennost, no. 23, pp. 1–2. (in Russ.)
7. ‘Yasnaia Poliana. Shkola. Zhurnal pedagogicheskii’, 1862, Otechestvennye Zapiski, no. 6, pp. 226–236. (in Russ.)
8. Babaev, EG 1981, ‘Ocherki estetiki i tvorchestva L.N. Tolstogo’, Izdatelstvo MGU publ, Moscow. (in Russ.)
9. Babaev, EG 1993, ‘Lev Tolstoy i russkaia zhurnalistika ego epokhi’, Izdatelstvo MGU, Moscow. (in Russ.)
10. ‘Bibliograficheskii ukazatel’, 1863, Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo Prosvescheniia, no. 5. pp. 1–119. (in Russ.)
11. Bobrovskaya, S 1875, ’Po povodu statyi grafa L. Tolstogo о narodnom obrazovanii’, Narodnaia shkola, no. 2, pp. 6–24. (in Russ.)
12. Bograd, VE 1959, ’Zhurnal «Sovriemennik» 1847–1866. Ukazatel soderzhaniia’, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo khudozhestvennoi literatury publ, Мoscow. (in Russ.)
13. Bunakov, NF 1874, ’Pismo redaktoru po povodu statyi grafa Tolstogo’, Semia i Shkola, no. 10, pp. 139–146. (in Russ.)
14. Bunyakovskiy, VYa 1959, ’Pismo ob arifmeticheskom otdele Azbuki L.N. Tolstogo’, Istorikomatematicheskie issledovania, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo fiziko-matematicheskoi literatury publ, Мoscow, no. 12. pp. 505–511. (in Russ.)
15. Burenin, VP 1874, ’Zhurnalistika’, Sankt-Peterburgskie Viedomosti, no. 274, no. 1–2. (in Russ.)
16. ’Vedomost o sostoianii prikhodskikh shkol Tulskoi eparkhii k 1 ianvaria 1862 goda’, 1862, Tulskie eparkhialnye viedomosti, no. 9, pp. 275–285. (in Russ.)
17. Volens, VP 1875, ’Arifmetika grafa Tolstogo’, Narodnaia shkola, no. 3, pp. 9–21. (in Russ.)
18. ’Vospitanie i obrazovanie’, 1862, Knizhnyi Vestnik, no. 21, pp. 435. (in Russ.)
19. Glebov, I 1862, ’Novyi vzgliad na narodnoe obrazovanie’, Vospitanie, no. 4, pp. 141–159. (in Russ.)
20. Grigoryev, АА 1864, ’Otzhivayuschiey v literature yavleniya’, Epokha, no. 7. pp. 1–26. (in Russ.)
21. ’Nashi obschestvennye dela’, 1874, Otechestvennye Zapiski, no. 3, pp. 162–185. (in Russ.)
22. Evtushevsky, VА 1874, ’Otvet na statiu grafa Tolstogo „О narodnom obrazovanii"’, St. Petersburg. (in Russ.)
23. Ivanov, А 1862, ’K istorii prikhodskikh shkol Tulskoi eparkhii’, Pribavlenie k Tulskim eparkhialnym viedomostiam, no. 16, pp. 218–224. (in Russ.)
24. ’Iz Moskvy o zhizni i literature’, 1862, Sankt-Peterburgskie Viedomosti, no. 141, pp. 619–620; no. 144, pp. 632–633. (in Russ.)
25. Kabasheva, ОV 2015, ’«Azbuka» i «Novaia azbuka» L. N. Tolstogo v issledovaniakh otechestvennykh avtorov’, Otechestvennaia I zarubezhnaia pedagogika, no. 1, pp. 112–117. (in Russ.)
26. KL 1873, ’Azbuka grafa L. N. Tolstogo’, Detskii Sad, no. 1, pp. 49–52. (in Russ.)
27. Kryzhanovskiy, ЕМ 1863, ’Novye nachala dlia narodnoi pedagogii’, Voskresnoe chtenie, no. 25, pp. 608–616; no 27, pp. 656–664; no. 28, pp. 675–687; no. 29, pp. 698–710; no 30, pp. 718–733. (in Russ.)
28. ’Literaturnoe nasledstvo’ 1939, Izdatelstvo AN SSSR publ, Мoscow, vol. 35–36, 567 p. (in Russ.)
29. ’Literaturnoe nasledstvo’ 1939, Izdatelstvo AN SSSR publ, Мoscow, vol. 37–38. 775 p. (in Russ.)
30. ’Literaturnoe obozrenie’ 1872, Vsemirnaia Illustratsia, no. 181, pp. 402–403. (in Russ.)
31. Markov, ЕL 1862, ’Teoria i praktika Yasnopolianskoi shkoly’. Russkii Vestnik, no 5, pp. 149–189. (in Russ.)
32. Markov, ЕL 1865, ’Narodnye tipy v nashey literature’, Otechestvennye Zapiski, no. 1, pp. 334–367. (in Russ.)
33. Markov, ЕL 1875, ’Posledniye mogikane russkoy pedagogii’, Vestnik Evropy, no. 5, pp. 291–360. (in Russ.)
34. Меdnikov, F 1875, ’О narodnom obrazovanii L.N. Tolstogo’, Narodnaya shkola, no. 1, pp. 7–32. (in Russ.)
35. Мikhaylovskiy, NК 1875, ’Zapiski profana’, Otechestvennye Zapiski, no. 1, pp. 135–182; no. 6, pp. 300–334. (in Russ.)
36. Мikhaylovskiy, NК 1875, ’Desnitsa i shuitsa Lva Tolstogo’, Otechestvennye Zapiski, no. 5, pp. 106–137; no. 7, pp. 164–203. (in Russ.)
37. Мikhaylovskiy, NК 1892, ’Literatura i zhizn’, Russkaya mysl, no. 2, pp. 139–167. (in Russ.)
38. Modzalevsky, LN 1863, ’Badenskiye shkoly’, Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo Prosvescheniya, no. 5, section III, pp. 77–95. (in Russ.)
39. ’Moskovskiye zametki’, 1875, Golos, no. 173, pp. 1–2. (in Russ.)
40. Mumrikova, LI 2007, ’«Azbuki» L.N. Tolstogo’, Vestnik Pravoslavnogo Svieto-Tikhonovskogo Gumanitarnogo Universiteta. IV: Pedagogika. Psykhologia, no. 1, pp. 149–160. (in Russ.)
41. Mumrikova, LI 2011, ’Dukhovno-nravstvennoye vospitaniye v uchebnikakh po obucheniyu gramote L.N. Tolstogo’, Isvestia Tulskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Gumanitarnye nauki, no. 2, pp. 405–416. (in Russ.)
42. Nekrasov, NA 2000, ’Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy i pisem’, Nauka publ, St. Petersburg, vol. 15(2). 640 p. (in Russ.)
43. ’Novaya azbuka grafa L.N. Tolstogo’, 1875, Moskovskie eparkhialnye vedomosti, no. 34, pp. 297–299 (in Russ.)
44. ’Novye knigi’, 1862, Sovremennik, no. 3, pp. 115–138. (in Russ.)
45. Ostrogorsky, АN 1875, ’Nemetskaya pedagogia na russkoy pochve’, Pedagogicheskiy listok, no. 1, pp. 25–44. (in Russ.)
46. Panov, G 1862, ’Zametki i vypiski iz zhurnalov k voprosu o narodnom obrazovanii’, Pribavleniye k Tulskim eparkhialnym vedomostiam, no. 10, pp. 551–566. (in Russ.)
47. Panov, G 1862, ’Zametki i vypiski iz gazet i zhurnalov’, Pribavleniye k Tulskim eparkhialnym vedomostiam, no. 16, pp. 209–217. (in Russ.)
48. ’Perepiska L.N. Tolstogo s N.N. Strakhovym’, 1913, Sovremennyi Mir, no. 2, pp. 33–64. (in Russ.)
49. ’Peterburgskaya khronika’, 1872, Golos, no. 242, pp. 2–3. (in Russ.)
50. Petrovitskaya, IV 2013, ’Leo Tolstoy – publitsist i obschestvennyy deyatel’, Ikar publ, Мoskow. (in Russ.)
51. ’Pisma N.N. Strakhova k N.Ya. Danilevskomu’, 1901, Russkii vestnik., no. 1, pp. 127–142. (in Russ.)
52. Polevoy, PN 1872, ’Azbuka grafa Tolstogo’, Sankt-Peterburgskie Viedomosti, no. 330, pp. 1–2. (in Russ.)
53. ’Proyekt shkoly L.N. Tolstogo’, 1874, Nedelia, no. 42, pp. 1525–1536. (in Russ.)
54. ’Protokoly zasedanii Moskovskogo Komiteta Gramotnosti’, 1874, Moskovskiye eparkhialnye vedomosti, no. 10, pp. 121–130; no. 35, pp. 375–377; no. 38, Prilozheniye, pp. 1–4. (in Russ.)
55. Protopopov, S 1862, ’«Yasnaia Poliana» za mart 1862’, Vospitanie, no. 8, pp. 69–79. (in Russ.)
56. Protopopov, S 1863, ’Po prochtenii knizhek zhurnala «Yasnaia Poliana»’, Vospitanie, no. 1, pp. 1–16. (in Russ.)
57. Pypin, АN 1863, ’Nashi tolki о narodnom vospitanii’, Sovremennik, no. 1, pp. 17–46. (in Russ.)
58. Rezener, F 1873, ’Azbuka grafa Tolstogo’, Narodnaia shkola, no. 6, pp. 59–64. (in Russ.)
59. Skabichevski, АМ 1872, ’Tolstoy kak hudozhnik i myslitel’, Otechestvennye Zapiski, no. 9, pp. 1–48. (in Russ.)
60. Sokalsky, PP 1863, ’Nashi glavnye spornye punkty’, Vremia, no. 4, pp. 221–262. (in Russ.)
61. Startseva, NМ 2017, ’Bukvoslagatelnyi, slogovoi i zvukovoi analiticheskie metody obuchenia chteniu i pismu v rossiiskikh azbukakhi bukvariakh XIX veka’, Istoriko-pedagogicheskii zhurnal, no. 3, pp. 109–119. (in Russ.)
62. Strakhov, NN 1863, ’Novaya shkola’, Vremia, no. 1, pp.150–168. (in Russ.)
63. Tikhomirov, DI 1875, ’Graf Tolstoy О narodnom obrazovanii’, Semiya i Shkola, no. 2, pp. 67–140. (in Russ.)
64. Tolstoy, LN 1873, ‘Pismo k izdateliam’, Moskovskiye vedomosti, no. 140, pp. 3 (in Russ.)
65. Tolstoy, LN 1873, ‘[Pismo v redaktsiu]’, Golos, no. 233, pp. 2. (in Russ.)
66. Tolstoy, LN 1874, ‘О narodnom obrazovanii’, Otechestvennye Zapiski, no. 9, pp. 147–204. (in Russ.)
67. Tolstoy, LN 1936, ‘Polnoe sobranie sochinenii’, vol. 8, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo khudozhestvennoi literatury publ, Мoscow. (in Russ.)
68. Tolstoy, LN 1957, ‘Polnoe sobranie sochinenii’, vol. 21, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo khudozhestvennoi literatury publ, Мoscow. (in Russ.)
69. Tolstoy, LN 1957, ‘Polnoe sobranie sochinenii’, vol. 22, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo khudozhestvennoi literatury publ, Мoscow. (in Russ.)
70. Tolstoy, LN 1949, ‘Polnoe sobranie sochinenii’, vol. 60, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo khudozhestvennoi literatury publ, Мoscow. (in Russ.)
71. Tolstoy, LN 1953, ‘Polnoe sobranie sochinenii’, vol. 61, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo khudozhestvennoi literatury publ, Мoscow. (in Russ.)
72. Tolstoy, LN 1953, ‘Polnoe sobranie sochinenii’, vol. 62, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo khudozhestvennoi literatury publ, Мoscow. (in Russ.)
73. Tolstoy, LN 1938, ‘Polnoe sobranie sochinenii’, vol. 83, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo khudozhestvennoi literatury publ, Мoscow. (in Russ.)
74. ‘Tolstoy kak pedagog’, 1969, Tulskii Gosudarstvennyi pedagogicheskii institut imeni Tolstogo. Izdatelstvo «Kommunar» publ, Tula. (in Russ.)
75. Usov, PS 1884, ‘Iz moikh volpominanii’, Istoricheskii viestni, no. 3, pp. 575–593. (in Russ.)
76. Uspenskiy, D 1903, ‘Arkhivnye materialy dlia biografii L.N. Tolstogo’, Russkaya mysl, no. 9, pp. 76–106. (in Russ.)
77. Ushinski KD 1862, ‘Pedagogicheskaia poezdka po Shveitsarii. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo Prosvescheniia’. Dekabr, Otdel I, p. 251–286; Avgust, Otdel III, p. 41–60.
78. Chumikov, АА 1862, ‘Pedagogicheskiye paradoksy’, Vospitaniye, no. 12, pp. 169–177. (in Russ.)
79. Sharkovsky, D 1862, ‘Оb obuchenii gramote’, Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo Prosvescheniya, no. 11, section III, pp. 25–42. (in Russ.)
80. Shelgunov, NV 1875, ‘Vpered ili nazad?’, Delo, no. 9, pp. 1–43. (in Russ.)
81. Shelgunov, NV 1875, ‘Zametki provintsialnogo filosofa’, Nedelia, no. 36, pp. 1180–1186. (in Russ.)
82. Scheglov, DF 1862, ‘Yasnaia Poliana’, Biblioteka dlya chteniya, no. 3, pp. 57–82. (in Russ.)
83. ‘Yasnaia Poliana’, 1861, Osnova, no. 8, pp. 122–124. (in Russ.)
84. N 1874, ‘Gr. Tolstoy o gramotnosti’, Russkiye Vedomosti, no. 31, pp. 3. (in Russ.)